All Grammar

A young country with half of the population of approximately 1.8 million citizens under the age of 30, ______ in 2008.

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Born in Okinawa in 1868, ______ though various forms of unarmed combat techniques were used for hundreds of years prior to his birth.

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At its height in the second century, ______ and it contained about a fourth of the world’s population.

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Able to recognize themselves in a mirror and other actions, ______

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A best-selling author among a generation of turmoil and hopelessness in the 1960s, Kurt Vonnegut provided straightforward examples of fundamental decency and cultural ideals for his younger audience. Appealing to a wider audience that felt this approach insufficient in capturing the upheaval caused the radical social changes in this era, ____

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Grace Paley opened up a path to an audience otherwise unfriendly to her style through weaving nontraditional techniques into realistic short stories. By embedding much larger social issues that reinforce her literary ingenuity in realistic events in her stories, ___

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Influenced by her mother, the Duchess of Kent, who instilled in her the importance of moral virtue and domestic duties, and championing the “cult of domesticity,” which idealized women’s roles as mothers and caretakers within the home, ___.

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The ending of Oscar Wilde’s sensational novel The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891) surprisingly contains elements that contradict his modernist perspective. Though championed by Wilde himself as ideas to protest against Victorian didacticism and superficiality, ___

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The Spanish Flu, also known as the 1918 Influenza Pandemic, was one of the deadliest pandemics in human history. Occurring in the final year of World War I, which facilitated the rapid global dissemination of the virus, ___

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The paradoxical outcome of World War II for Great Britain that led to the rapid dissolution of the British ___ culminated in a shift in global power dynamics and the rise to independence movements.

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The novella Heart of Darkness (1899) by Joseph Conrad is renowned for its depths in portraying European imperial exploitation of Africa. ___ Nigerian novelist Chinua Achebe contends that Conrad denies Africans language and agency, using them merely as a backdrop for European introspection.

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___ that glorified soldiers who fought for pay rather than for a noble cause, Hugh MacDiarmid’s poem “Another Epitaph on an Army of Mercenaries” challenges Housman’s portrayal of professional soldiers as heroic and self-sacrificing, which undermines the true spirit of heroism and patriotism.

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The Second Battle of Ypres in 1915, a pivotal moment in World War I, highlights the brutality of modern warfare: marked by the first large-scale use of chemical weapons, ___

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A French reactionary political movement founded in 1899 that viewed Romanticism as a destabilizing force that promoted individualism and emotional excess, ___ championed Classicism and staunchly supported the Catholic Church as a pillar of social order and traditional values.

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Among the great tragedies of the period and alongside works by Shakespeare and Marlowe, ___

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Mina Loy’s Feminist Manifesto (1914) is an iconoclastic and avant-garde call for women to assert their independence and break free from constraints imposed by a patriarchal society. Approaching feminism in a way unusual for her time, ___

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When Charles Darwin first encountered the Galapagos finches during his expedition in 1835, he was amazed by their remarkable diversity and unique adaptations, each species with its own distinct beak shape and size well-suited to its specific feeding habits. Known for raising ______ offspring with care, the Galapagos finches have since become a classic example of evolution through natural selection.

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Actor Bob McGrath was a long-time character on the ______ Sesame Street, but he actually started his career as a singer on a program called Singing Along with Mitch between 1960 and 1964.

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Called the “King of Country,” musician George ______ have sold over 120 million copies worldwide, making him one of the top–selling recording artists of all time.

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Blue cheese is a general term that describes a wide variety of cheeses that have been aged with Penicillium cultures to produce ______ distinct, greenish-blue spots or veins and complex flavors.

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Researchers at the Max Planck Institute showed videos to chimpanzees in an effort to determine the capacity for emotions such as empathy and determined that when chimpanzees are stressed, their noses, just like _______, get colder.

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Designers of the ambitious 2,000-mile-long Ring Road in Afghanistan would be disheartened to observe ______ condition today: incomplete in some places and destroyed in others.

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A resident of Canada and Alaska, the wood frog is one of the only amphibians that lives north of the Arctic Circle. It is able to survive the frigid winters because ______ contain a substance that acts like antifreeze.

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Outlined in the paper “Winner-loser plant trait replacements in human-modified tropical forests,” a new study warns of increased deforestation resulting from fast-growing but short-living tree species dominating Brazilian forests.

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Dental students from Case Western Reserve’s School of Dental Medicine, though not trained in archaeology, helped identify bone fragments from rock in Manot Cave—a living space used by both Neanderthals and humans at different times—the site of an archaeological excavation ______ and his students were committed to helping in 2012.

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In addressing the mystery of why the universe is expanding faster today than it did billions of years ago, Nobel and his team collected new data from the James Webb Space Telescope and confirmed Hubble Space Telescope’s previous measurements, ruling out the possibility of an inaccuracy attributed to an error by Hubble.

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After looking at data from 76 men and women who tracked their activities for eight days and took daily cognitive tests, lead ______ and all from UCL Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care  concluded that people aged 50 to 83 who engaged in more physical activity than usual received a short-term boost in cognitive performance.

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On May 12, 2022, eight Nepali guides led seven climbers to the top of the world’s tallest ______ a notable feat as it was the first all-Black expedition to reach the summit.

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______ greatly inspired by Impressionist paintings when he was in Paris and determined to create a movement that was even more modern upon his return to New York. 

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The invention of the pizza as it is known today occurred in ______ although flatbreads with various toppings were consumed in the Egyptian, Greek, and Roman cultures many centuries earlier.

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In the Meradalir ______ is about a one-hour drive from Reykjavik in Iceland, a volcano  dormant for about 800 years suddenly burst forth with rivers of lava on August 3, 2022.

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Aji ______ a professional photographer who has worked on articles for the prestigious magazine National Geographic, is now documenting the changes taking place in his home country of Indonesia as the ocean levels rise and irrevocably alter the coastline.

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Majuscule letters are also known ______ in the past, printers would ask their apprentices to bring the letters from the top box when typesetting pages of print.

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Recently in the United States there has been a rise in the popularity of a traditional Native American game ______ in which players change horses while riding horses bareback at a gallop.

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“Soft drinks” is a general term used by the beverage industry to refer to non-alcoholic drinks made of water mixed with a sweetener and often flavorings. However, even within the United States, there are many regional variations on what such drinks are ______ tonic.

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Recently, the Event Horizon Telescope captured an elusive image of something that astronomers have predicted the existence of but which until now has been only ______ the supermassive black hole within the center of the Milky Way galaxy.

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Sixty-five countries have gained their independence from the British ______ when the United States declared that it no longer wanted to be under English rule.

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The difficulty—or a great reward—in reading William Butler Yeats lies in his ___ literary traditions but disrupting generic conventions—sonnets, elegies, and meters.

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Due to its distinctive design and picturesque setting, the Pulteney Weir, located in the city of Bath, England, is an iconic feature of the River ___ near the Pulteney Bridge—it is one of Bath’s most photographed landmarks.

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In Old Irish legend, the Ulster warrior Naiose and the beautiful Deirdre fall deeply in love and flee into exile to escape King Conchobar. Desiring Deirdre for himself, Conchobar lured them back and killed ___ Deirdre, grief-stricken, taking her own life by hurling herself from a chariot.

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The Red Branch knights, warriors renowned for their valor and skill in battle, appeared in tales of the Ulster ___ defending—for example, in the Táin Bó Cúailnge (The Cattle Raid of Cooley)—Ulster against Queen Medb’s army.

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Invited by William the Conqueror, Jews first arrived in England following the Norman Conquest of 1066, and played a crucial role in the economy, primarily as ___ Christian doctrine at the time prohibited usury (the charging of interest on loans), essential financial services that Jewish moneylenders provided.

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Despite often disagreeing with those who wanted to utilize literature solely for political objectives, while in Dublin, where William Butler Yeats established the National Literary Society and was significantly influenced by the surge of Irish ___ nonetheless came to view his poetry as a contribution to the revitalization of Irish culture. 

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Set in a New York City apartment, the story of “Ludlow Fair”—a one-act play written by American playwright Lanford Wilson in 1965 notable for its witty dialogue and exploration of human ___over the course of a single night and delves into themes of friendship, love, and the complexities of interpersonal connections.

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The concept of “inscape,” the idea that each object possesses a unique inner nature or essence that can be revealed through detailed and vivid imagery, allows poems to have striking and unconventional ___ often drawn from nature, to convey deeper spiritual and emotional truths by capturing the intrinsic qualities of subjects.

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Poet Laureate Lord Tennyson had long been regarded as one of the most authoritative voices that embodied the moral and intellectual ideals of the mid-Victorian period. However, by the late Victorian period, writers such as Samuel Butler began to view such sentimentality as outdated: the Victorian optimism and idealism seemed out of ___ the growing skepticism and existential uncertainty of the late 19th century, and authority was questioned as society moved toward a more critical and uncertain future.

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Catering to the tastes of a rapidly growing reading public, both yellowbacks and penny dreadfuls played a crucial role in the expansion of popular fiction in the 19th century. By providing affordable entertainment to society, both periodicals popularized ___ a commercially viable industry and diversified forms in which literature was consumed in Victorian Britain.

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Before Sir Walter Scott’s emergence as a major writer of historical fiction, women novelists played a crucial role in shaping the genre that Scott later refined and ___ example, Maria Edgeworth, who was known for her regional novels combining social commentary with detailed depictions of rural Irish life, and Ann Radcliffe, who blended historical elements with romance and mystery influencing both Gothic and historical fiction.

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Mr. Edward Rochester, the enigmatic master of Thornfield Hall in Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre, is often analyzed as a quintessential Byronic ___ literary archetype named after the Romantic poet Lord Byron and characterized by traits such as brooding intensity, complexity, rebelliousness, emotional depth, and moral ambiguity.

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Though a staunch supporter of literary modernism that inspired other writers, such as James Joyce and T. S. ___ Pound, a major figure in the early modernist poetry movement, was incarcerated for over 12 years at a Washington, D.C., asylum after being indicted for his collaboration with and support of fascism.

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While the mutiny of 1857 did not achieve its immediate objective of ending British rule, it fundamentally altered the nature of colonial governance in India and set the stage for the rise of Indian ___—non-interference in religious matters, equal protection under the law, and opportunities in government services—made by Queen Victoria, as a result, to pacify Indian sentiments.

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One of his most provocative plays, Mrs. Warren’s Profession (1893) by George Bernard Shaw in 1893 exposed the hypocrisy of Victorian ___ condemned prostitution while simultaneously creating the economic and social conditions that made it one of the few viable paths for women to escape poverty.

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Encephalitis lethargica—a mysterious epidemic also known as sleeping sickness that occurred between 1916 and 1927—affected millions of people worldwide; while some scientists believe it was caused by an unidentified virus affecting the ___ abnormal immune response following a bacterial infection was suspected by others to have triggered the condition.

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Arriving in the English military hospital in Türkiye during the Crimean War and witnessing the squalor therein, Florence Nightingale immediately started introducing rigorous sanitary practices, including handwashing, proper ventilation, and waste ___ dramatically reduced the death rates of wounded English soldiers from 40% to 2%.

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Despite the decline of his reputation in the early 20th century for his overly ornate style, Algernon Charles Swinburne’s engagement with taboo ___ his technical brilliance in musicality and lyrical sensuality shaped the Aesthetic and Decadent movements.

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During the mid-1800s, cholera was believed to be caused by “bad air,” a prevailing belief known at the time as the miasma ___ John Snow, a pioneering British physician, in mid-19th century identified that it was contaminated water that led to cholera outbreaks London.

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It’s impossible to predict what the short-living ingenious Romantic poet John Keats might have achieved, since by the age of ___ already surpassed what Chaucer, Shakespeare, and Milton had accomplished by the same age: reading Keats’s poems and letters would, consequently, often evoke a deep sense of loss from the untimely death of such an exceptional intellect and talent.

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In Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad, European triumphalism is portrayed as a hollow and destructive ideology based on racial superiority. The protagonist Marlow journeys into the Congo and reveals the hypocrisy underlying the triumphalist ___ supposed mission of “civilizing” the Africans as he, a symbol of European ambition, descends into madness, embodying imperialism’s dehumanizing effects, both on the colonized and the colonizers.

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Lord Byron, one of the most famous poets of the Romantic era, despite being detested by many of his contemporaries not only for his controversial personal life but also for his rebellious, provocative views and his rejection of societal ___ had profound influence on literature and culture, making him both a revered and reviled figure during his lifetime.

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While Samuel Taylor Coleridge, one of the most influential English Romantic poets and thinkers, has faced allegations of plagiarism throughout his career, particularly regarding his philosophical and literary writings that stem primarily from his borrowing of ideas, passages, and concepts from other writers without proper ___ Coleridge remains a monumental figure in English literature, and many argue that his ability to rework and fuse complex ideas into his own unique philosophy and poetry was a creative act in itself.

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An instant literary sensation, dramatist Joanna Baillie’s first volume of a series of plays published in 1798 set out with the ambition to illustrate the deepest and strongest passions of the human mind. However, as she later acknowledged, the performances of her plays fell short of exemplifying her vision due to the practicalities of a stage ___ her plays starred skillful actors: the live audience simply responded much less enthusiastically than those who read her plays.

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As interpretation often hinges upon the subjective lens through which the reader views the work, there arises a delicate ___ one attempts to dissect the layers of meaning embedded within a text: authors, whether intentionally or not, craft narratives that resonate differently depending on the cultural, temporal, and personal contexts of their audience, leading to an ever-shifting understanding of the same passage over time.

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Rudyard Kipling’s works often reflect the imperial ideology of the time, portraying the British Empire as a civilizing ___ concept now widely critiqued as ethnocentric and paternalistic, while his novel Kim, on the other hand, depicting the richness of Indian culture alongside the British presence, offers a more complex view of British India.

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The French Symbolist poets, such as Paul Verlaine, Stéphane Mallarmé, and Arthur Rimbaud, sought to express the ___ and emotions that are beyond straightforward articulation—through the use of symbols, metaphors, and suggestive imagery, emphasizing the musicality of language and the evocations of moods and emotions.

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Frequently depicted in Bruce Bairnsfather’s cartoons, ___ originated from “Tommy Atkins,” a generic name used in sample documents and forms for British Army recruits dating back to the 18^th century—is a colloquial name used to refer to a common British soldier during the first World War.

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While Cubism fragmented objects into geometric shapes, and Futurism celebrated speed and technology, heavily influenced by ___ Vorticism combined these elements to express the chaotic energy of the modern world.

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Elizabeth Barrett Browning’s verse novel Aurora Leigh (1857) depicts an artist portrayed as a young woman dedicated to socially inclusive realist ___ piece both in addressing women’s social issues and in asserting Aurora’s calling as a poet.

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Unfathomable as it may sound, fish are capable of getting sunburn. In particular, koi and other ornamental fish in shallow ponds do not have the protection of dirty water and shady ______ can develop fatal sores from exposure to ultraviolet rays.

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In the 1930s, George and Versa Boyington had a small hot dog stand at Rockaway Beach in Oregon. Upset by how the coastal rains ruined the buns, they invented a coating that could be cooked as ______ invented the first corn dog.

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“The sword of Damocles” is a common phrase that refers to looming ______ in a parable written by the Roman orator Cicero in 45 B.C. in a book called Tusculum Disputations.

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In 2021, cracks opened on the Cumbre Vieja ridge in the Canary ______ off 2,000-foot-high lava fountains and glowing streams of lava that destroyed nearby marine ecosystems.

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Global warming has led to one unexpected ___ melting ice has granted scientists access to fresh material that has previously been trapped deep within glaciers.

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A.E. Housman (1859-1936) argues that the power of poetry lies in its capacity to produce involuntary physical sensations—such as bristling skin or a shiver down the ___ the essence rooted in emotion and sensation rather than in analytical thought, his style is “stark, lucid, elegant,” embodying the “superior terseness” he esteemed in verse. 

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The “Tristan chord,” Richard Wagner’s use of chromaticism and unresolved harmonic tension in “Tristan und Isolde,” is famous for defying traditional harmonic ___ the unfulfilled desire of the love affair in the opera, this chord and its harmonic language weave a complex emotional and psychological tapestry throughout the opera.

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The term “Pathetic Fallacy,” introduced in John Ruskin’s “Modern Painters” describes the artistic practice of attributing human emotions and characteristics to ___ to its somewhat misleading name, revealing nature’s inherent emotions through their work is believed by Ruskin to be the artist’s goal.

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In contrast to the sensational and sentimental Gothic and Romantic novels in the 19^th century, Jane Austen’s heroines often still enter marriage, though only after much contemplation of financial prospects, in the ___ female characters seeking and leveraging marriage, especially viewed frequently from the female perspective, are nonetheless feminist.

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Agnosticism resonates with many who are uncomfortable with the conflict between religion and science but could not fully embrace atheism—it provides a middle ___ intellectuals and scientists who are unwilling to completely deny the possibility of the divine, agnosticism, as an alternative, states that the existence of God or the divine is simply unknowable.

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After the hardship of the Time of Troubles ended in the mid-19th century, technological progress and the subsequent prosperity of industrialization further strengthened England’s hold of the global economy. The value of exported goods trebled, and capital ___ two decades following 1853, bound for British colonies, millions of the British helped set the global enterprise of the British Empire in place.

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Two of the greatest Romanticist poets, William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge, were once close in their collaboration in writing and exchanging thoughts, but soon lost their close ___ their frequent visits, the neighbors reported them as spies. However, their works during the short period of collaboration were later published anonymously in Lyrical Ballads, one of the most iconic collections of poetry that defined the era.

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Victorian London was the heart of advancement and development during the great era of ___ the end of the 19^th century—when the steam power had popularized railways, ships, printing presses, etc., and the introduction of the telegraph had revolutionized long-distance communication—a late Victorian would not fail to be surprised by the drastic societal changes during his or her lifetime.

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Matthew Gregory Lewis’s The Monk (1796) sparked considerable controversy upon its publication due to its transgressive content, pushing the boundaries of what was deemed acceptable at that time as ___ Gothic novel noted for its dark, sensationalist themes, it shocked readers and critics with its explicit depictions of violence, sexual corruption, and supernatural elements, provoking fierce backlash from contemporary critics and moral authorities.

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Known as “mast years”—occurring irregularly, often every 2 to 5 years—the phenomenon of mass acorn production by oak trees sometimes overwhelms the local ecosystem with an abundance of seeds. Scientists believe that oak trees adopt this as a survival ___ producing a large number of acorns all at once, oak trees increase the chances that some seeds will survive predation by animals like squirrels, deer, and birds.

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Popularized in the mid-20th century by architects like Le Corbusier, brutalism emphasizes raw materials, such as exposed concrete and bold, geometric ___ intent of making a statement about the power and permanence of the built environment, these imposing structures prioritize function and efficiency over aesthetic warmth, while organic architecture, championed by Frank Lloyd Wright, seeks harmony between human structures and the natural world.

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The fall of the Bastille, known now as the prelude to the French Revolution, sparked uprisings in other parts of France, leading to the eventual collapse of the feudal system. The Bastille, though only holding seven prisoners at the time, was seen as a symbol of royal tyranny and repression. In mid July, 1789, tension rose and Parisians began arming ___ a significant stockpile of weapons and gunpowder housed in the Bastille, demanding the surrender of the fortress and its ammunition became a clear objective.

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In the study of topological insulators, the exotic behavior of surface states—protected by time-reversal symmetry—challenges conventional paradigms of condensed matter ___ the bulk of the material acting as an insulator, its boundaries host conductive states that remain impervious to backscattering by non-magnetic impurities.

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Baalbek, an ancient city located in modern-day Lebanon, was a major center of worship and one of the most impressive cities of the Roman Empire. In particular, The Temple of Jupiter, the largest in the Roman Empire, is considered one of the finest examples of imperial Roman architecture. The site is also notable for its colossal stone ___ “Stone of the Pregnant Woman,” for example, is one of the largest stones ever carved by humans.

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The origin of the swastika in theosophy is an ancient symbol that predates its use in 20th-century Nazi ___ in Eastern religions, especially Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism, the swastika has been used as a symbol of auspiciousness, harmony, and the cyclical nature of life and the universe.

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On March 20, 1993, in the town of Warrington in northwest England, two bombs ___ by the Irish Republican Army (IRA), the bombs resulted in the deaths of two children: Johnathan Ball, aged three, who died at the scene, and Tim Parry, aged twelve, who succumbed to his injuries five days later.

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During its peak, Tyre was one of the most important city-states of Phoenicia—modern-day Lebanon, Syria, and Israel—and renowned for its maritime ___ Phoenicians, among the most skilled sailors of the ancient world, established trade routes and colonies across the Mediterranean, dealing in luxury goods, particularly the famous Tyrian purple dye.

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To highlight medieval chivalry, heroism of King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table is often tinted with ___ illicit love affair of Lancelot and Guinevere undermines the stability of Arthur’s kingdom; Mordred, Arthur’s illegitimate son (or nephew in some versions), betrays Arthur, leading to a civil war within the kingdom.

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Despite George Eliot’s staunch support for Victorian feminism, she was far from being an ___ her works consistently reflect themes of gender inequality, intellectual freedom for women, and the societal constraints placed on them, her unconventional personal life—she lived openly with the married philosopher and critic George Henry Lewes, which was considered scandalous in Victorian society—may have influenced her decision to stay apart from overt feminist causes.

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Author John Ruskin was deeply troubled by the effects of industrialization on society and culture, which he saw as a destructive force that eroded the moral, spiritual, and aesthetic fabric of society. On the other hand, novelist Anthony Trollope had a more pragmatic and moderate ___ Ruskin’s perspective was less measured and realistic, Trollope, aware of the social issues, believed in incremental reform within the framework of existing institutions.

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During the Time of Troubles, the social consequences of industrialization, including the poor treatment of workers, sparked waves of labor ___ of the most notable movements was Chartism (1838–1857)—believing that political reform would lead to improved living and working conditions, Chartists demanded political reforms, such as universal male suffrage, secret ballots, and parliamentary representation for the working class.

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In Romantic poems like Felicia Hemans’ The Siege of Valencia and The Abencerrage, depictions of Muslims are often fierce, passionate, and warlike. Hemans’ treatment of Muslim characters is not her unique choice but a contemporary literary convention—the tendency to dramatize cultural and religious conflict, often simplifying complex historical ___ this portrayal also leans into the trope of the “angry Muslim,” a stereotype that aligns with Orientalist views of the time.

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Ann Radcliffe, one of the most famous Gothic novelists of the late 18th century, was subject to bizarre rumors during her lifetime, including the false claim that she had been committed to an insane ___ she was not seen much in public, some contemporaries began to imagine that the very author who portrayed terror and psychological torment so vividly had herself succumbed to the madness depicted in her novels.

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Throughout the 19th century, critics associated Gothic literature with popular entertainment rather than serious art, dismissing it as formulaic and unworthy of scholarly ___ its association with popular, escapist fiction contributing to its lowbrow status, Gothic literature had a lasting impact on the literary world for its exploration of psychological depth, human fears, and the darker aspects of society.

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Although spelling variations were common in the 18th century, the misspelling of “Friendship” as “Freindship” in the title of Jane Austen’s Love and Freindship is likely a deliberate choice that aligns with the satirical tone of the novella, where she parodies the overly sentimental novels of the ___ believe the spelling reflects the overall lighthearted and irreverent nature of the novella, signaling that it is not to be taken too seriously.

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Dorothy Wordsworth, the sister of the renowned poet William Wordsworth, played an essential and influential role in his life and ___ Dorothy’s journals, filled with vivid descriptions of the landscapes they shared, were often a source of imagery and ideas for William’s poetry, her contribution to Romanticism as a source of inspiration for many of his poems has gradually been recognized.

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In the late 18^th century, during the early stages of Romanticism, the intensity and the enthusiasm of an ever-increasing magnitude for the French Revolution ushered in an era full of promise for ___ the disillusioning events such as executions of nobles and Napoleonic imperialism, the hope for political and social reform was never lost in the young romantic poets.

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Hailed for his natural genius, Robert Burns—or a “Heaven-taught ploughman” as the Edinburgh establishment called him—whose poems represented spontaneity in an overflow feelings, imbued his poems with energetic, rustic ___ he regarded himself as someone who lacked formal and professional academic training requisite for a poet, Burns was in fact a learned, self-taught master of earlier traditions: folklore and folk song, as well as the Scots dialect.

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Mary Robinson’s The Haunted Beach is a powerful example of Gothic Romanticism, illustrating the tension between natural beauty and the eerie presence of the supernatural. The poem’s setting—a desolate beach haunted by a murder—serves as a symbol of both isolation and moral decay; the imagery of the sea and the skeletal shipwreck evokes a sense of mystery and ___ these elements also reflect the consequences of human actions, suggesting that the landscape itself is marked by guilt and memory.

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While Cubism focuses on the intellectual reconstruction of visible reality, Surrealism seeks to uncover the invisible, subjective realms of thought and imagination. Cubism sought to break down objects into geometric forms, presenting multiple perspectives simultaneously to challenge traditional notions of space and ___ deconstruction of the visual world aimed to reflect a more fragmented, yet intellectually stimulating, reality; on the other hand, to explore hidden emotions and desires, Surrealism delved into the unconscious mind through dreamlike and often illogical imagery.

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Although progressive education aims to nurture holistic development and adaptability in a rapidly changing world, traditional methods provide consistency and measurable ___ emphasizing structure, discipline, and the transmission of knowledge from teacher to student through lectures, memorization, and standardized testing, this approach, in direct contrast to a more student-centered approach, values authority, clear expectations, and uniformity, often prioritizing academic performance over individual creativity.

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While urban settings may foster social interaction and economic productivity, they can also contribute to mental fatigue and decreased psychological ___ in dense urban areas, noise pollution, overcrowding, and limited access to nature can evoke feelings of stress and sensory overload, whereas in natural environments, restorative effects in the presence of greenery, open spaces such as forests, beaches, and parks reduce stress and promote mental clarity.

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Disparate historical events, though initially appearing unrelated, are often bound by an underlying thread of causality, unfolding in ways that elude immediate ____ one delves into the intricate tapestry of societal shifts—be they economic, political, or cultural—one encounters the inevitable interplay between intention and consequence driven by the ambitions of individuals or nations.

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Populist rhetoric often overshadows nuanced policy discussions by amplifying divisive issues to galvanize a fragmented electorate. Politicians, keenly aware of the emotional resonance, exploit these divisions to foster loyalty among specific voter ___ the outcome, though in favor of those who adopt the rhetoric in the short term, often includes polarization that creates a political landscape where compromise becomes increasingly elusive.

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The intricacies of gauge symmetries, particularly the non-Abelian nature of SU(3) color symmetry, present a labyrinthine complexity that transcends the classical understanding of fundamental ___ by gluons whose self-interaction arises from the very structure of the symmetry group, the strong interaction eludes simple perturbative solutions at low-energy scales.

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The philosopher’s argument, which posited that morality is inherently subjective, was met with fierce opposition from critics who believe in ______ objective standards must exist to govern human behavior.

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Sir James Brooke (1803–1868), following his assisting the rajah of Sarawak, who struggled with suppressing a rebellion, was made the ruler of the ___ then established a dynasty, becoming the White Rajah of Sarawak.

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Korean-born German philosopher Byung-Chul Han in his philosophical work The Transparency Society (2012) examines the modern obsession with transparency in various facets of ___ as a means to foster openness and trust, transparency paradoxically leads to increased conformity, control, and a loss of individuality.

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During the Protestant Reformation, maypole festivities were suppressed due to their pagan origins and associations with revelry and perceived immorality. In the 19th century, a resurgence of interest in folk traditions to preserve cultural heritage and national identity revived the maypole.

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While soldiers endured desolate, war-scarred landscapes, endless bombardments, and trench-infested filth during WWI, civilians back home clung to old patriotic slogans and romantic notions of heroic ideals. Once captivated by the cause, poets at the front soon realized the horrific reality of war, which profoundly influenced their poetic expressions and techniques.

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Medlar is a member of the rose family that has been cultivated for over 3,000 years and which was an important part of the Medieval ______ because of its unappealing look, it has grown out of favor .

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“Forest bathing”—walking in and appreciating the gentle beauty of nature—can reduce ___ improve mental and physical health. 

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The conference, which was attended by experts from around the world, lasted for ______ several key topics, including climate change, were discussed in depth.

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Originally published in 1965, the novel has been translated into ______ remaining a significant work in the genre of science fiction.

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The museum houses a large collection that have been unearthed since only the past year. The latest exhibition that will be held for four months displays over ______ rare ancient Mycenaean artifacts, many of which have never been thought to exist before.

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The restaurant, known for its innovative dishes, serves over 300 different kinds of ______ the menu is updated seasonally to feature local ingredients.

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The author’s latest novel, a sequel to his bestselling book, has sold over 500,000 ______ it is expected to break sales records by the end of the year.

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The company’s sustainability initiative has reduced its carbon footprint by ______ this strategy is now being adopted by other companies in the industry.

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Despite the ongoing debate surrounding climate change, recent studies investigating the causes of climate change that can be attributed to human activities indicate that global temperatures over the past century have risen by ______, a figure that is projected to increase further without significant intervention.

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Paleontologists have long searched for evidence to better understand the origins of life on Earth. The discovery of ancient fossils, which date back over ______ has provided scientists with new insights into the evolution of early mammals, a field of study that continues to evolve with each new find.

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In an unprecedented move, the United Nations announced that over 10,000 peacekeeping troops would be deployed to the conflict ______ has been met with both praise and skepticism from international observers.

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The professor’s lecture on quantum mechanics, though challenging for most students, shed new light on how ______ can affect particles at the subatomic level, a concept that has puzzled scientists for decades.

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While the art installation garnered critical acclaim for its innovative use of space, some viewers were left confused by the inclusion of ______ seemed out of place in an otherwise modern exhibit.

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Many experts initially believed that the government’s efforts to curb excessive spending and increase revenue would have minimal impact on reducing the national deficit. The government, as a result of the policy changes over the course of the fiscal year, managed to reduce the national deficit by ______ a feat that many economists had previously deemed unattainable.

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The fragmentation of time and character identity in the narrative structure of postmodern literature often subverts traditional linear storytelling and disorient ___ employ metafictional techniques, blending the boundaries between fiction and reality, which not only question the reliability of the narrator but also compel the reader to interrogate their role in the construction of meaning.

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Working memory capacity is widely recognized as a critical factor influencing complex cognitive tasks such as problem-solving, reasoning, and language comprehension. Studies have shown that individuals with higher working memory capacity tend to perform better on tasks requiring the simultaneous processing and storage of information. This advantage ___ when the cognitive load of a task exceeds a certain threshold, leading to performance declines similar to those observed in individuals with lower capacity.

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In linguistics, the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis suggests that the structure of a language influences the way its speakers perceive and think about the world. The theory posits that language shapes thought, with different linguistic systems fostering distinct cognitive patterns among ___ with some studies supporting this idea, others, considering the influence of language to be more context-dependent than previously believed, indicate that thought can occur independently of language.

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More sustainable compared to fossil fuels, renewable energy sources are effective means of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and combating climate change. The intermittent nature of renewable energy generation caused by factors such as weather conditions and day-night cycles poses challenges for ensuring consistent and reliable energy ___ spurring advancements in energy storage technologies and grid management systems to maximize the potential of renewable energy in a stable power infrastructure.

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Economic globalization is often seen as a force that promotes interdependence and cooperation among nations, fostering economic growth and stability. Countries that engage in free trade and open markets can benefit from access to diverse resources, technology, and capital. Globalization also exacerbates ___ as wealth and power tend to concentrate in developed nations, leaving developing countries vulnerable to exploitation and economic instability, more equitable and sustainable global economic policies are called for.

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Kublai Khan, the fifth Khagan of the Mongol Empire, brought about the unification of China under Mongol rule, bringing a period of economic and cultural growth and the establishment of the Yuan dynasty. Kublai’s rise to power was not without challenges due to his controversial vision of blending Mongol and Chinese ___ opposition from other Mongol leaders who objected his close alignment with Chinese traditions, Kublai emerged victorious, solidifying his authority both within the Mongol empire and over the newly conquered Chinese territories.

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Kublai was known for his diplomatic strategies, especially his tolerance for different religions, allowing the practice of Buddhism, Islam, and ___ openness encouraged loyalty from his diverse subjects, helping him maintain control over such a vast and multi-ethnic territory.

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Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s poem Kubla Khan is notable for its dreamlike quality, which reflects Coleridge’s own ___ to him in an opium-induced vision in a dream only to be interrupted before its completion, the poem is marked by a fragmented nature that scholars debate whether is intentional or the result of Coleridge’s lost inspiration.

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Inspired by greenhouse architecture, Joseph Paxton designed the Crystal Palace to be built using prefabricated cast iron and numerous panes of glass. The innovation of combining materials of opposite attributes created a dramatic effect famous, ___ the natural light flooding the interior and the sense of openness that symbolized the progress of the era.

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Best known for her gothic novel Frankenstein (1818), author Mary Shelley built her literary legacy with a diverse body of work throughout her life. Her novella Mathilda, written between 1819 and 1820, was not published until 1959, ___ trauma and topics that were taboos to the society in her time, the novella was rejected for publication during her lifetime by her father, William Godwin, likely due to its dark and unsettling content.

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Although Robert Browning’s characters and settings often appear removed from his own time, his poems tackle the same issues his contemporaries faced, such as faith, doubt, morality, and the role of the ___ example, “Caliban upon Setebos” critiques Darwinism and natural religions, reflecting Browning’s personal religious views despite using historical figures and settings.

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Nicknamed “Darwin’s Bulldog” for his vigorous defense of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection, T.H. Huxley made significant advancements in the field of comparative anatomy and fossilized marine ___ addition, his unwavering commitment to rationalism, education, and the betterment of society through scientific progress, makes him a seminal figure of the 19^th-century literature.

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While rooted in the tradition of realism, Sargent’s work also incorporated elements of impressionism, particularly in his approach to capturing natural light and spontaneous ___, his fluid and confident brushwork gave his paintings a sense of movement and life, and his adept use of light and shadow added realism and drama to his works.

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Driven by her firsthand witness of Irish poverty and oppression during the Land War of the 1880s, Maud Gonne passionately advocated for Irish independence: she founded Inghinidhe na hÉireann, opposed British ___ campaigned for land reform, political prisoners, and the Irish Republican movement through activism with groups like Sinn Féin.

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Despite the frivolous and jaunty manners of his younger self, Matthew Arnold as a poet usually records his reflections of desolation and ___ and isolation as a lover, longing for an elusive serenity, and lamentation of the passing of youth.

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A series of six sensational articles published in The Sun, a New York newspaper, between August 25 and September 18, 1835, falsely reported extraordinary discoveries on the Moon, capturing the public’s imagination and significantly boosting the newspaper’s circulation. This hoax is one of the earliest and most famous examples of media-driven misinformation and ___ the powerful impact of sensational journalism.

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Plymouth Rock in Massachusetts holds a significant place in American history as a traditional site, where the Pilgrims are believed to have landed in November 1620, when approximately 102 pilgrims set sail from Plymouth, England, aboard the ship Mayflower. This event marks one of the earliest successful English settlements in North America and ___ the quest for religious freedom and the establishment of self-governance in the New World.

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The Fabian Society, a British socialist organization founded in 1884, promotes incremental and democratic rather than abrupt and revolutionary ___ redistribution of wealth within the existing political system to address the disparities in areas such as healthcare, education, labor rights, and welfare.

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Mithridates VI of Pontus, often called the “Poison King,” regularly ingested small, sub-lethal doses of various poisons to build up his resistance, a practice now known as “mithridatism.” However, according to legend, facing defeat by the Romans in 63 BCE ___ to end his life rather than be captured, he took poison, which didn’t kill him quickly enough.

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Often seen as rival schools of philosophy, Stoicism, which emphasized virtue and self-control, believing that the wise person should remain indifferent to pleasure and ___ Epicureanism, which focused on the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain as the highest good, both sought tranquility and happiness.

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According to the latest Migration and Asylum Pact of the EU, refugees seeking for protection have to remain on the territory of the EU state whose asylum they applied ___ in which their protection was granted.

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Horace Walpole, an 18th-century English writer, politician, and art historian, played a pivotal role in the development and revival of Gothic architecture in Britain. The construction of Strawberry Hill—his estate in Twickenham—which he began remodeling in 1749, became an iconic example of the Gothic Revival style. Strawberry Hill was a reflection of Walpole’s desire to capture characteristics that would become central to the Gothic ___ a successful architectural experiment that set the tone for later developments in both architecture and literature.

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During the Battle of Cannae (216 BCE), the Carthaginian general Hannibal Barca, cognizant of the Romans’ propensity for frontal assaults, deployed his Gallic and Iberian infantry arranged in a convex formation projecting towards ___ seasoned African infantry on the flanks in a rearward oblique alignment; and his cavalry of Numidian and heavy Gallic horsemen on both wings, poised to engage the Roman cavalry.

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Eurasian ______ among the world’s most intelligent creatures, despite the fact that they do not have a cerebral cortex. 

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The study of frozen ground and its thermal state is crucial for comprehending environmental shifts and facilitating applications in the Earth’s Third Pole, a region of great scientific interest. Nonetheless, persisting challenges in acquiring comprehensive data and developing accurate ______ particularly concerning the entire Third Pole area.

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David Harris, a character in the novel A Kind of Freedom by Margaret Wilkerson Sexton, faced a significant amount of prejudice on his ______ the first Black man to pilot a commercial airliner in the United States.

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While not a central figure like Ezra Pound or T.S. Eliot, Sturge Moore—his focus on myth and archetype aligns with the broader Modernist interest in reinterpreting classical forms for a new age—___ to the intellectual milieu that shaped Modernism.

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The idea that dolphins as psychopomps carried the souls of the dead to the Isles of the ___ from ancient Greek mythology and symbolism, where dolphins were revered as sacred creatures associated with the sea, the divine, and the afterlife.

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A deep blue semi-precious stone valued for its beauty and historical importance—often associated with wisdom and spirituality—Lapis lazuli has been prized for over 6,000 ___ used in ancient artifacts, jewelry, and as the source of the ultramarine pigment in Renaissance art.

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Platonism, an philosophy proposed by Plato asserting that there exists beyond our physical world a non-material realm of abstract forms or ideas, perfect and unchanging, unlike ___ by imperfection in the real world, was later adapted by Christianity to suggest that the forms exist in the mind of God, and the material world reflects God’s perfect ideas.

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British painter Samuel Palmer’s unique style offered a different perspective compared to the more industrial or urban themes of the time. Inspiring later artists to explore the spiritual and emotional qualities of the landscape and paving the way for later ___ Neo-Romanticism, his use of rich, glowing colors and intricate details also influenced artists to experiment more with their techniques and expression.

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Viewing natural phenomena through physical causes, such as the movement and interaction of particles, rather than through intrinsic purposes or qualities, the mechanical theory emerged in the 17^th century and views the universe as a large ___ of matter in motion, a foundational approach for the development of modern science, as it encouraged empirical observation and mathematical description of the natural world.

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Known for their rich cultural heritage, natural beauty, and preservation of the Irish language and traditions, the Aran ___ a group of three rugged and scenic islands located at the mouth of Galway Bay on the west coast of Ireland. 

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Renowned German poet Heinrich Heine’s first major publication “Buch der Lieder” (1827), a collection of lyric poems that established his reputation as a leading poet, included ___ for their emotional depth and musicality, many of which were later set to music by composers such as Franz Schubert, Robert Schumann, and Johannes Brahms.

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In Percy Bysshe Shelley’s Alastor (1816), a young, visionary ___ embarks on a spiritual journey in search of ultimate truth and beauty, only to die in despair and loneliness after failing to find it—this reflects Shelley’s own idealistic yet melancholic worldview, emphasizing the dangers of extreme individualism and the alienation that can come from the relentless pursuit of unattainable ideals.

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Characterized by George Bernard Shaw as a “ultramodern” and “complete artist,” artist William Morris dedicated his life to radical visions that intertwined aesthetics with ___ recognizing the importance of reviving and celebrating craftsmanship in the face of technological advancement and, also as a committed socialist, improving the industrial capitalist society that dehumanized workers and degraded artistic standards.

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Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844–1889) devised Sprung Rhythm, a unique metrical system which, unlike traditional ___ rely on a fixed pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables, aimed to mimic the natural rhythms of speech, allowing for greater flexibility and emphasis on the natural accents of words.

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Though theories of evolution had been discussed for many years in, for example, Sir Charles Lyell’s Principles of Geology (1830) and Robert Chambers’s Vestiges of Creation (1843–46), it was not until the publication of Origin of Species (1859) by Charles Darwin, who finally brought the theory of natural selection to public examination, that scientists, as well as laypeople, ___ sides.

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Often referred to as Ibsenism, a modernist movement in theater championed by critics such as Bernard Shaw, the dramatic innovations of the Norwegian playwright Henrik ___ a shift of themes from romanticized, idealized storytelling to a realistic, psychological, and sometimes critical portrayal of society.

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In her notable 1919 essay “Modern Fiction,” Virginia Woolf in an open criticism of the materialism of the realistic Edwardian writers, stated her modernist ___ was knowable and representable was not some external, fixed essence waiting to be transcribed, and instead, reality existed solely as it was perceived.

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Siegfried Sassoon and Wilfred Owen, among the most significant poets that chronicled World War I, met at Craiglockhart War ___ 1917, where Sassoon, already an established poet, started mentorship and helped Owen develop his unique voice, leading to some of his most famous poems, such as “Dulce et Decorum Est” and “Anthem for Doomed Youth.”

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Igor Stravinsky’s ballet “Le Sacre du Printemps” (The Rite of Spring) marked such a daring departure from harmonic and rhythmic traditions in Western classical ___ provoked a notorious riot during its first performance at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées on May 29, 1913.

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The Doppler Shift is a concept first described by Austrian physicist Christian Doppler in 1842 to explain why waves such as sound ______ from a stationary point change in frequency. A classic example is that ambulance sirens appear to increase in pitch as the vehicle approaches.

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With all the grim news about coral reef bleaching, Kiribati’s Line Islands have put forth an argument that ______ herbivorous fish that remove algae can help damaged reefs rebound.

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E.M. Forster’s travel to Greece and Italy in 1901 left a lasting impact on him: Greek mythology and Italian Renaissance art revealed to him a world of dynamic vitality, and much of his work ___ how to uncover this richness in personal relationships despite the complexities and distortions of modern life.

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In Sir Thomas Malory’s Le Morte d’Arthur, the virtues and suffering of Elaine, whose unwavering devotion to and affection for Sir Lancelot remains unrequited, ___ the tragic heroine archetype.

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Although George Meredith’s The Ordeal of Richard Feverel (1859) was not an immediate commercial success, his focus on psychological depth and subjective experience influenced the evolution of narrative styles in literature, ___ the innovations of modernist writers such as James Joyce and Virginia Woolf.

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Evolving from their early Celtic and Welsh origins, the various adaptations of the Arthurian legends—from medieval romances and Renaissance literature to Victorian illustrations and modern fantasy— ___ their relevance by reflecting the changing values, cultural dynamics, and artistic innovations of each era.

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In his novella The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886), Robert Louis Stevenson, through the struggle between Dr. Jekyll’s respectable facade and Mr. Hyde’s moral decadence—a major theme in the literature and art of the late Victorian era—___ Victorian moral rigidity, suggesting that the repression of natural desires and emotions may lead to their dangerous eruption in the form of destructive behaviors.

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The bee in Jonathan Swift’s The Battle of the Books (1704), producing in its hive honey and wax from which candles are ___ a cultured mind that nourishes human “with the two noblest of things, which are sweetness and light.”

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In William Makepeace Thackeray’s Vanity Fair, the narrator often reflects on the characters’ actions and behaviors, framing them as part of the “puppet show” of life, while occasionally criticizing the reader for passing judgment on the characters. The direct addresses to remind readers that they, too, might possess the same flaws as the characters they are ___ the hypocrisy in which readers, while condemning the characters’ morally dubious actions, enjoy watching them for entertainment.

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Following the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte, the United Kingdom of the Netherlands was established in 1815, uniting the northern provinces (modern-day Netherlands) with the southern provinces (modern-day Belgium and Luxembourg). However, the centralized policies favoring the northern Netherlands—appointing Dutch officials to govern the largely Catholic and French-speaking southern Belgium and promoting the Dutch language and Protestantism, for ___ cultural and religious friction that fostered widespread resentment among the Belgian population.

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American-British author Henry ___ to certain lengthy, sprawling novels of the 19th century—which he felt lacked structural tightness and artistic discipline—as “loose baggy monsters,” helps us understand his literary philosophy and his views on what constitutes a well-crafted novel.

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Driven by urbanization and safety concerns in the late 19th century, the annual NRA meeting and shooting competitions held originally at Wimbledon Common by the National Rifle Association (NRA) of the United ___ moved to Bisley Common in Surrey, England, which held its first NRA meeting in 1890.

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Although chocolate has been around in various forms for centuries, the company called J.S. Fry & Sons ______ with inventing the first chocolate candy bar in 1846.

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The complex mosaic patterns on the shell of a wood turtle ______ it to effectively blend in with the leaf debris scattered on the forest floor and hide from creatures that might consider it to be a good meal.

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In a Zurich, Switzerland, laboratory, scientists are exploring technology that uses solar radiation to refine compounds from the air into kerosene or methane, which __ suitable for fuel.

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Officially titled Iraq’s Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Assessment of the British Government published in September 2002, the controversial intelligence dossier was used to justify the UK government’s invasion of Iraq in 2003. Its contents and accuracy were called into question, with investigations revealing the intelligence ___ overstated, manipulated, and overhyped.

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Robert Browning’s poem “My Last Duchess” (1842) is marked by subtle irony and ambiguity in the duke’s narrative of his late wife. While the Duke tries to present himself as a reasonable and cultured man, his own words, although Browning never explicitly states that the duke murdered his wife, ___ his sinister and authoritarian nature.

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Thomas Carlyle’s writing style is a unique blend of rhetorical flair, historical insight, and philosophical reflection, setting him apart from his contemporaries. Carlyle believed in the moral responsibility of the historian, and his works, such as The French Revolution, where he infused his narrative with a sense of moral urgency, ___ the line between history and philosophy.

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Despite their different narratives and personal journeys, both Charles Dickens’ Great Expectations, which portrays the orphaned protagonist who rises to gentility, and Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre, which portrays the orphaned heroine who achieves independence, ___ the possibility of social mobility that gradually became achievable in the 19^th-century England. 

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Notwithstanding the unprecedented advancements in biotechnology, which have revolutionized fields ranging from medicine to agriculture, the ethical dilemmas surrounding genetic modification and bioengineering ___ to elicit intense debates among scientists, policymakers, and the general public alike, thereby underscoring the necessity for robust ethical guidelines and regulatory measures.

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Technological changes in printing and publication and popularization of printed materials by the late 19^th century had increased literacy so drastically in comparison with the previous centuries that reading, as well as writing, ___ no longer a privilege of the affluent and the elites.

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The Second Boer War (1899–1902), also known as the South African War or the Anglo-Boer War, was a conflict between the British Empire and two Boer republics, and control of the resources in the region, territorial disputes, and imperial ambitions ___ identified as the primary causes that exposed the brutality of colonial conquest.

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Victorian society viewed the very nature of woman in a certain light incompatible with the egalitarian view we uphold in today’s world. For example, In Tennyson’s The Princess, the king’s traditional treatment of women—“woman for the hearth” and “for the needle she”— ___ the Victorian notion that women were deemed particularly fit for domestic roles.

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In March 2022, the remains of the Endurance, which sank off the coast of Antarctica in 1915, ___ by scientists owing to the well-preserved brass lettering on the stern due to the lack of light, low oxygen, and almost freezing temperatures.

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The geological record shows that the Earth’s magnetic field reverses every million years or so, but such astounding event has not been associated with any mass extinctions, _______ to occur about every hundred million years.

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Endemic to Congo, the okapi is a striped, large mammal, with the herbivore’s tongue spanning up to 18 inches long and ___ it to feed on over 100 different species of plants.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

The characters in Trainspotting, a novel by Scottish author Irvine Welsh (1993), which offers a raw and unflinching portrayal of the economically depressed Edinburgh, ___ deeply entrenched in heroin addiction, unemployment, and the bleak realities of urban poverty.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?